| 翻訳と辞書 |
| humanist minuscule ： ウィキペディア英語版 |
humanist minuscule
Humanist minuscule is a handwriting or style of script that was invented in secular circles in Italy, at the beginning of the fifteenth century.〔D. Thomas, "What is the origin of the ''scrittura humanistica''?", ''Bibliofilia'' 53 (1951:1-10).〕 "Few periods in Western history have produced writing of such great beauty", observes the art historian Millard Meiss.〔Meiss, "Towards a more comprehensive Renaissance palaeography", ''The Art Bulletin'' 42 (1960:1).〕 The new hand was based on Carolingian minuscule, which Renaissance humanists, obsessed with the revival of antiquity and their role as its inheritors, took to be ancient Roman: "when they handled manuscript books copied by eleventh- and twelfth-century scribes, Quattrocento literati thought they were looking at texts that came right out of the bookshops of ancient Rome".〔Elizabeth Eisenstein, ''The Printing Revolution in Early Modern Europe'', 2nd ed. (Cambridge University Press) 2006:134. Knowledge of ancient scripts sometimes went backwards before it went forwards; the late medieval Reims Gospel, an Old Church Slavonic manuscript using Glagolithic and Cyrillic scripts, was thought to have been scribed by Saint Jerome himself, and in the late sixteenth century incorporated into the coronation ceremony of French kings, who took the oath of the Order of the Holy Spirit by touching the book.〕
The humanistic term ''litterae antiquae'' (the "ancient letters") applied to this hand was an inheritance from the fourteenth century, where the phrase had been opposed to ''litterae modernae'' ("modern letters"), or Blackletter.〔Martin Davies, "Humanism in script and print", in Jill Kraye, ed. ''The Cambridge Companion to Renaissance Humanism'', 1996:note 3 p. 60.〕
The humanist minuscule was connected to the humanistic content of the texts for which it was the appropriate vehicle. By contrast, fifteenth-century texts of professional interest in the fields of law, medicine, and traditional Thomistic philosophy still being taught in the universities were circulated in blackletter, whereas vernacular literature had its own, separate, distinctive traditions. "A humanist manuscript was intended to suggest its contents by its look," Martin Davies has noted: "old wine in new bottles, or the very latest vintage in stylish new dress".〔Davies in Kraye (ed.) 1996:51.〕 With the diffusion of humanist manuscripts produced in the highly organized commercial scriptoria of Quattrocento Italy, the Italian humanist script reached the rest of Europe, a very important aspect which has not yet been fully explored.〔P.O. Kristeller, "The European Diffusion of Italian Humanism", ''Italica'' 39, 1962.〕
==Petrarchan reform==
In Petrarch's compact book hand, the wider leading and reduced compression and round curves are early manifestations of the reaction against the crabbed Gothic secretarial minuscule we know today as "blackletter"; Petrarch was one of the few medieval authors to have written at any length on the handwriting of his time; in his essay on the subject, ''La scrittura''〔Petrarch, ''La scrittura'', discussed by Armando Petrucci, ''La scrittura di Francesco Petrarca'' (Vatican City) 1967.〕 he criticized the current scholastic hand, with its laboured strokes (''artificiosis litterarum tractibus'') and exuberant (''luxurians'') letter-forms amusing the eye from a distance, but fatiguing on closer exposure, as if written for other purpose than to be read. For Petrarch the gothic hand violated three principles: writing, he said, should be simple (''castigata''), clear (''clara'') and orthographically correct.〔Petrarch, ''La scrittura'', noted in Albert Derolez, "The script reform of Petrarch: an illusion?" in John Haines, Randall Rosenfeld, eds. ''Music and Medieval Manuscripts: paleography and performance'' 2006:5f; Derolez discusses the ''degree'' of Petrarch's often alluded-to reform.〕 Boccaccio was a great admirer of Petrarch; from Boccaccio's immediate circle this post-Petrarchan "semi-gothic" revised hand spread to ''literati'' in Florence, Lombardy〔Mirella Ferrari "La 'littera antiqua' a Milan, 1417-1439" in Johanne Autenrieth, ed. ''Renaissance- und Humanistenhandschriften'', (Munich: Oldenbourg,) 1988:21-29.〕 and the Veneto.〔Rhiannon Daniels, ''Boccaccio and the book: production and reading in Italy 1340-1520'', 2009:28.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
■ウィキペディアで「humanist minuscule」の詳細全文を読む
スポンサード リンク
| 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース |
Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.
|
|